The Drugs Relationship Exploring Dynamic And Static Models

In her article â€Å"The Drugs Relationship: Exploring Dynamic and Static Models,† Lesley Williams Reid examines the relationship between drugs and crime by looking at offenders’ environment. For example she surveyed 835 men in four different cities, which lead her to make her own theories which was that criminals had committed their first crime at an early age and drug users also started at an early age (Reid, 2001). The weakness in Reid article is that she based her research on male inmates in maximum security. This is a weakness because she is only focusing on one gender and one small population. On the other hand the article â€Å"Predictors of drug use in prison among women convicted of violent crimes† by Danilo Baltieri a professor in sex offenders and, and crime and drugs based their research on women only. The researcher used the same method as Reid did because they both looked at the environment and the attachment to the parents. 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History of Special Education Free Essays

Special education only began when parent-organized groups started advocating for disabled children’s rights. Prior to this, disabled children were considered crippled, dump, mentally defective or feeble-minded, (J. E. We will write a custom essay sample on History of Special Education or any similar topic only for you Order Now Wallace Wallin, 1924). They were therefore excluded from education in public institutions. By 1975, more than half of disabled children were denied an opportunity to education. (William N. Myhill, 2004) However, during the 1950s and 1960s several parent-organized groups of advocacy emerged. Such groups included the American Association on Mental Deficiency, Muscular Dystrophy Association, and Mental Retardation Panel by John F. Kennedy among others. These groups’ advocacy necessitated establishment of schools for children with disabilities, both at the local and state levels. The advocacy also led to state’s concern for special education. Several legislations that aimed at development and implementation of programs for the needs of children with disabilities and their families were also passed. In 1958, 1959 and 1961 three laws; PL 85-926, PL 86-158 and the Teachers of the Deaf Act, respectively were passed. These laws helped in the training of teachers who to work with the mentally disabled and the deaf. In 1965 the state also approved the Elementary and Secondary Education Act and the State Schools Act. With these acts in place, states got access to grant funds for the education of children with disabilities (James J. Cremins, 1983). The United States Congress also approved the Education for All Handicapped Children Act (EHA) in 1975. This law was to protect the rights of children with disabilities and their families. The law later became the legislative foundation through which special education received federal funding (James J. Cremins, 1983). In 1997 and 2004 the EHA was re-authored and renamed the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), changing the procedures for disability identification and demanding for high standards of qualification for teachers of special education. IDEA advocated for a Free and Appropriate Education (FAPE) to every student. Court cases have also been vital in shaping of special education. For instance, the Pennsylvania Association for Retarded Children (PARC) challenged the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in 1971 for the exclusion of mentally handicapped from public schools. The courts ruled out this discrimination. This case extended into 1972, with a ruling that children with disabilities be given education irrespective of its cost following a case filled by Mills against the District of Columbia (William N. Myhill, 2004) In 1998, Honig filed a case against Doe when two students were suspended for disruptive conduct resulting from their disabilities. The court ruled that students could not be punished for a disability-related misbehavior. As well, three different cases; Diana v State Board of Education (1970), Hobson v Hansen (1967-1968) and the Larry P. Riles case filled in 1979, sort a ruling on disability tests. The court ruled out the use of IQ, culturally biased and language-biased tests whose use to place a student in special education class was common. Special education has undergone remarkable transition; from the time when disabled children were simply ignored to today when a good number of programs for these children have been developed (Jame s J. Cremins, 1983). There are now numerous professionals who evaluate children with disabilities and place them into the best conditions for their learning. References James J. Cremins, (1983). Legal and Political Issues in Special Education4–5 J. E. Wallace Wallin, (1924). The Education of Handicapped Children Losen, Daniel J. Orfield, Gary (2002), Introduction to Racial Inequality in Special Education. The Civil Rights Project at Harvard University: Harvard Education Press. William N. Myhill, (2004). No FAPE for Children with Disabilities in the Milwaukee Parental Choice Program: Time to Redefine a Free Appropriate Public Education, 89 Iowa L. Rev. 1051, 1055 How to cite History of Special Education, Papers

Job Satisfaction at Infosys and Its Implications for Motivating Employees at Infosys Sample Essay Example For Students

Job Satisfaction at Infosys and Its Implications for Motivating Employees at Infosys Sample Essay The chief purpose of the survey is to find the occupation satisfaction of employees in Infosys. It includes finding assorted parametric quantities that influence occupation satisfaction and besides the present degree of satisfaction of the employees. To understand employees perceptual experiences about the occupation and come up with recommendations for the company to better the degree of occupation satisfaction. The method used to execute the survey was a Job Satisfaction Questionnaire. The questionnaire consisted of assorted subdivisions like personal inside informations. working conditions related inquiries. salary and publicity chances related inquiries. work relationships and accomplishments and abilities related inquiries and inquiries on function performed. The questionnaire was circulated in assorted undertaking squads at Infosys and besides the respondents belonged to assorted appellations. The findings were that employees at Infosys valued work relationships and healthy working conditions the most when it came to occupation satisfaction. Closely followed were salary. other benefits and chances to larn new accomplishments. Sing working conditions the employees were satisfied with the figure of hours spent at office. current location. ill and paid foliages but were dissatisfied with the flexibleness at the occupation. Sing salary and chances for publicity the employees were dissatisfied. nevertheless on the parametric quantities of occupation security. other benefits and acknowledgment for work the employees were satisfied. The consequences observed suggested that the company should look towards constructing a long term relationships with the employees by honoring the deserving employees and supplying them with the compensation that is as per industry criterions. Surveies should be conducted to understand what is most of import to the employees and where the company is missing in constructing a healthy relationship with its employees. Introduction: Importance of Job Satisfaction:Beyond the research literature and surveies. occupation satisfaction is besides of import in mundane life. Administrations have important effects on the people who work for them and some of those effects are reflected in how people feel about their work. This makes occupation satisfaction an issue of significant importance for both employers and employees. As many surveies suggest. employers benefit from satisfied employees as they are more likely to gain from lower staff turnover and higher productiveness if their employees see a high degree of occupation satisfaction. However. employees should besides ‘be happy in their work. given the sum of clip they have to give to it throughout their working lives’ ( Nguyen. Taylor and Bradley. 2003a ) . Investigated by several subjects such as psychological science. sociology. economic sciences and managementsciences. occupation satisfaction is a often studied topic in work and organisational literat ure. This is chiefly due to the fact that many experts believe that occupation satisfaction tendencies can affectlabor market behaviour and influence work productiveness. work attempt. employee absenteeism andstaff turnover. Furthermore. occupation satisfaction is considered a strong forecaster of overall individualwell-being. every bit good as a good forecaster of purposes or determinations of employees to go forth a occupation. Job satisfaction describes how content an person is with his or her occupation. There are a assortment of factors that can act upon a person’s degree of occupation satisfaction. Some of these factors include the degree of wage and benefits. the sensed equity to the publicity system within a company. the quality of the on the job conditions. leading and societal relationships and the occupation itself. Job satisfaction has besides been defined as a enjoyable emotional province ensuing from the assessment of one’s occupation ; an affectional reaction to one’s occupation ; and an attitude towards one’s occupation. Weiss ( 2002 ) has argued that occupation satisfaction is an attitude but points out that research workers should clearly separate the objects of cognitive rating which are affect ( emotion ) . beliefs and behaviours. This definition suggests that we form attitudes towards our occupations by taking into history our feelings. our beliefs. and our behavior. Job satisfaction can besides be defined every bit either as the overall or general occupation satisfaction of an employee or as the satisfaction with certain aspects of the occupation such as the work itself. coworkers. supervising. wage. working conditions. company policies. processs and chances for publicity ( Smith et al. . 1969 ) . Based upon these two position points of occupation satisfaction. it may be steps either as the general or overall satisfaction of an employee with the occupation or it may be measured as the satisfaction of an employee with the assorted work aspects. For the present survey the former position of occupation satisfaction has adopted Aim OF STUDY:Soon the Indian IT and ITES industry has the largest abrasion rate as compared to otherindustries. Not merely the startup companies but besides the established companies have been happening it hard to retain employees. With the unprecedented roar in the IT industry the size of the industry has grown really large and with major IT participants using a immense figure of employees. it has become really of import to find the factors that influence occupation satisfaction in this industry and come up with steps that can take to higher degrees of satisfactions. Infosys being the for-runner of IT in India. this company was selected for the syudy. The survey focuses on analyzing the information and some tendencies in jab satisfaction. The aims of the survey include: 1. To find the parametric quantities that influence occupation satisfaction in Infosys. 2. To find the present degree of satisfaction of the employees on parametric quantities identified. 3. To sketch the chief tendencies and correlativities sing occupation satisfaction in Infosys. 4. To find the committedness that the employees have for a long term calling with theorganization 5. To understand where the employees rate their organisation on the parametric quantities related tojob satisfaction. 6. To enlist the parametric quantities that the organisation can better upon and do related recommendations. ABOUT THE Company:Infosys was founded on 2 July 1981 by seven people viz. . N R Narayana Murthy. NandanNilekani. Kris Gopalakrishnan. S. D. Shibulal. K Dinesh and with N. S. Raghavan officially being the first employee of the company. Today. Infosys is a planetary leader in the â€Å"next generation† of IT and confer withing with grosss of US $ 6. 604 billion ( LTM Q2-FY12 ) . Infosys defines designs and delivers technology-enabled concern solutions that help Global 2000 companies win in a Flat World. Infosys besides provides a complete scope of services by leveraging our sphere and concern expertness and strategic confederations with taking engineering suppliers. Infosys and its subordinates have 141. 822 employees as on September 30. 2012. Infosys takes pride in constructing strategic long-run client relationships. 98. 5 % of its grosss come from bing clients. Infosys pioneered the Global Delivery Model ( GDM ) . which emerged as a riotous force in the industry taking to the rise of offshore outsourcing. The GDM is based on the rule of taking work to the location where the best endowment is available. where it makes the best economic sense. with the least sum of acceptable hazard. Infosys has a planetary footmark with 64 offices in 29 states and 65 development centres in US. India. China. Australia. the Czech Republic. Poland. the UK. Canada and Japan. In 1996. Infosys created the Infosys Foundation in the province of Karnataka. operating in the countries of wellness attention. societal rehabilitation and rural upheaval. instruction. humanistic disciplines and civilization. Since so. this foundation has spread to the Indian provinces of Tamil Nadu. Andhra Pradesh. Maharashtra. Kerala. Orissa and Punjab. The Infosys Foundation is headed by Mrs. Sudha Murthy. married woman of Founder Cum Chief Mentor Narayana Murthy. REVIEW OF LITERATURE:One of the biggest preliminaries to the survey of occupation satisfaction was the Hawthorne surveies. These surveies ( 1924-1933 ) . chiefly credited to Elton Mayo of the Harvard Business School. sought to happen the effects of assorted conditions ( most notably light ) on workers’ productiveness. These surveies finally showed that fresh alterations in work conditions temporarily increase productiveness ( called the Hawthorne Effect ) . It was subsequently found that this addition resulted. non from the new conditions. but from the cognition of being observed. This determination provided strong grounds that people work for intents other than wage. which paved the manner for research workers to look into other factors in occupation satisfaction. Scientific direction besides had a important impact on the survey of occupation satisfaction. Frederick Winslow Taylor’s 1911 book. Principles of Scientific Management. argued that there was a individual best manner to execute any given work undertaking. This book contributed to a alteration in industrial production doctrines. doing a displacement from skilled labor and piecework towards the more modern attack of assembly lines and hourly rewards. The initial usage of scientific direction by industries greatly increased productiveness because workers were forced to work at a faster gait. Recycling plastic Essay?Job Satisfaction based on work relationships:Here the company has done good topromote a healthy ambiance in the company with regard to co-ordination within theemployees. The satisfaction % in instance of relationship with colleagues. higher-ups and subordinatesis 70 % . 50 % and 50 % severally. With regard to squad work the satisfaction % is overpoweringly 80 % . ?Job Satisfaction based on use of accomplishments and abilities: Here. a important ( 80 % and 70 % ) part of employees believe that they have equal chances to use their skillsand abilities when at work. Whereas in instance of support for extra preparation andeducation. the satisfaction % is 40 % and hence there is a immense range for betterment inthis country. ?Job Satisfaction based on work activities and function performed: The important % ofemployees is satisfied with the activities they perform and with the function performed bythem. With regard to occupation duties 80 % of the employees and with respect toopportunities to periodic alterations in responsibilities 70 % are satisfied. However in instance of degreeof independency and feedback procedure in topographic point there is range for betterment for thecompany. ?Rating given to occupation satisfaction parametric quantities:From the evaluations given by the employees itcan be concluded that work activities. function performed and salary A ; promotionopportunities are the most of import parametric quantities driving occupation satisfaction. Closelyfollowed are work relationships. working conditions and chances to larn new accomplishments in that order. ?Ratings given to organisation:From the evaluations it can be concluded that Infosys scoreswell when it comes to presenting quality merchandises and service and squad work across theorganization. However. the tonss are low in instance of pulling quality endowment and retaining the high quality employees. Besides 40 % of the employees agree that Infosys caresfor its employees and values them. ?Long term committedness:From the study it can detect that most of the employees arenot willing to prosecute a long term calling with the organisation. 40 % of the employees aresomewhat committed whereas 40 % are non certain about the committedness. 10 % are non committed at all. Thus merely 10 % of the employees are committed for a long term calling. APPLICATION OF HERZERBERG’s TWO FACTOR THEORY OF MOTIVATION: Frederick Herzberg’s Two Factor Theory. besides called as motive hygiene theory proposes that intrinsic factors are related to occupation satisfaction. while extrinsic factors are associated with occupation dissatisfaction. It gives the information of when employees feel exceptionally good ( satisfied ) or bad ( dissatisfied ) about their occupation. This theory is applied to the obtained informations from Infosys and decisions are drawn about the company-employee relationship and how employees’ occupation satisfaction is affected by these parametric quantities. MOTIVATORSHYGEIN FACTORS †¢Current location of work†¢Other wage benefits†¢Job security†¢Recognition to work achievement†¢With coworkers†¢With subsidiaries†¢Overall squad work†¢Variety of occupation duties†¢Periodic alteration to responsibilities†¢Feedback procedure†¢Opportunity to utilize. larn accomplishments and talent†¢Salary†¢Promotion chances†¢Organizations attention for employees†¢Sick foliages and paid vaccation offered†¢Superiors†¢Opportunity for extra preparation and instruction Highly satisfiedNeutralExtremely Disgruntled From the above tabular array of consequences. one observes that the factors that determine whether there is dissatisfaction or no dissatisfaction are non portion of the work itself. but instead. are external factors Factors that lead to occupation satisfaction are separate and distinguishable from those that led to occupation dissatisfaction. At the same clip we could reason from the above tabular array that those motive factors which are absent. make non take to dissatisfaction. but lead to â€Å"no satisfaction† . At Infosys. incentive factors include those parametric quantities that change over life-time. These parametric quantities that give occupation satisfaction depend on the type of work assigned and the environment in which the work is accomplished. Meanwhile. the hygiene factors are related more with the company’s policies and regulations and ordinances. For illustration. at Infosys the figure of ill foliages granted to its employees is fixed and the company can non transcend the specified bound because of the of all time increasing work burden in the company. Similarly. Infosys does non let for many extra preparation chances as the growing within the company is fast and the employees upgrade to good place and take up different sorts of work. Infosys Directors have to extinguish these factors to maintain employees from being dissatisfied and non needfully actuate them. This theory influences how Infosys designs occupations today. Recommendation: 1 ) Related to working conditions:†¢ Improvement in paid and ill leave policy: Soon at Infosys employees are notprovided with separate ill foliages and hence in instance of any wellness related issuesthe employees have to give their paid foliages. So the present leave policyshould be amended to accommodate employee demands. †¢ There is deficiency of flexibleness with regard to scheduling activities so the companyshould make the directors realize this and can integrate this in managerial preparation plans. 2 ) Related to salary and publicity chances:†¢These are parametric quantities that lead to higher degree of occupation satisfaction and motive. So company should seasonably revisit its compensation construction so as to maintain it at parwith the industry criterions. This is besides of import from keeping of employees’point of position. †¢Company should come up with advanced ways to acknowledge the valuablecontributions made by the persons. 3 ) Related to work relationships:†¢There is important sum of dissatisfaction that is observed when it comes torelationships with the higher-ups. So Infosys can set up for regular feedbacks been taken from the employees sing the relationship with superior andaccordingly take steps to better the relationship through preparation and otherteam edifice activities. 4 ) Related to use of accomplishments and abilities:†¢Employees feel the demand for extra proficient preparation and instruction should beprovided to them along with their on-going work. This can be achieved byallowing the employees to undergo a specific figure of hours of developing sessionsand enfranchisement every one-fourth. 5 ) Related to work activities and function performed:†¢Presently officially the feedback is provided merely during half annual appraisalcycles which the employees feel is really generic and the return off is really less. Sothe company should mandate one to one feedback been given to employees afterevery set of related activities so as the employees can cognize their countries ofimprovement and work on it. 6 ) Other recommendations:†¢Infosys should take stairss to construct a long term association with the employees byunderstanding the demands and wants of the employees through assorted programsand studies. †¢Infosys should concentrate on pulling quality endowment and work on keeping ofemployees by supplying them with best intervention possible and perks whichmatch or are above industry criterions. The company should concentrate on qualitythan on Numberss. Decision:A major challenge faced by Infosys is. developing and keeping Organizationalbehavior and Job satisfaction. It is the involvement of all organisation to procure committedness and cut down employee turnover. So this subject has attracted the involvement of many research workers. Infosys directors need to do attempt to develop human resource policies that are in alliance to the demands and motive of its employees. The findings of this survey have pointed out some salient issues faced in the company like that of preparation. and instruction. relation with higher-ups. etc. . It is imperative for Infosys direction to run into the demands of their employees to beef up their motive. satisfaction. and committedness to minimise turnover. Mentions: 1. Job Satisfaction Survey. Volume 3. Edition 5. Absolute Advantage. Published by WELCO ( Wellness Council of America ) . 2. Measuring occupation Satisfaction In Surveys- Comparative Analytical Report. 3. Meyer. J. P. . Becker. T. E. . A ; Vandenberghe. C. ( 2004 ) . Employee commitment andmotivation: A conceptual analysis and integrative theoretical account. Journal of Applied Psychology. 89. 991-1007 4. Prasad L. M. ( 2002 ) . OrganizationalBehavior: New Delhi: Sultan Chand A ; Sons Publishers. 5. Riaz. Adnan. . A ; Ramay. Muhammad. ( 2010 ) . Ancestors of Job satisfaction-A survey oftelecom sector. Positions of Innovations. Economics and Business. Vol. 4. 66-73.